1.  Impeller Development: 1975-2002:

The characteristics of mixing impellers covering flow, solid suspension, gas dispersion, blending, circulators and waste water applications are shown.  New impellers are described in terms of process gains and the development is shown using lab studies, Laser Doppler Velocimeter and computational fluid dynamics.

2.  The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Mixing Impeller Development:

Discussion on the use and verification of CFD models for blending, solid suspension and gas dispersion.  Describe the development of an automated preprossor for the Fluent code and the use with MRF and sliding mesh models

3.  The Role of Mixing in the Pharmaceutical Industry and the Selection of Mixing Impellers for the Process Required

Discussion of the problems and characteristics of mixing in the pharmaceutical industry and solutions to maximize yields.

4.  Scale-Up

Analysis of scale-up and scale-dn for the many similarity functions in mixing. An example is that it is easy to blend on the small scale but difficult to achieve homogeneous blending on the large scale.

 5.  Mixer Mechanical Design / Fluid Forces:

The mechanical design of a mixer is analyzed with emphasis on the fluid forces that are imposed on the impellers by the fluid continuum in the mixing vessel. The importance of the mechanical interaction of the mixing process with the mixing vessel and impeller is stressed

 6.  Draft Tube Circulators:

The evolution of draft tube circulators in mixing applications is shown.  Applications include precipitators and other configurations showing required head-flow characteristics.